Business & Management Studies: An International Journal
Yazarlar: Furkan Fahri ALTINTAŞ
Konular:-
Anahtar Kelimeler:: Innovation,Global Innovation Index,Economic Growth,Influence İnovasyon,Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi,Ekonomik Büyüme,Etkileme
Özet: LITERATURE 1.1. RESEARCH SUBJECT Schumpeter (1943) states that with the theory of "creative destruction", old technologies will be replaced by new technologies and this can provide economic growth. The new Schumpeterist view, which revises Schumpeter's relationship between innovation and economic growth, confirms the positive relationship between innovation and economic growth, and explains that this relationship does not always have a linear structure. In addition, the new Schumpeterist view thinks that the steps of the states in the fields of science, technology and industry will add more quality to the relationship between innovation and economic growth (Verspagen, 2004). Within the scope of neoclassical or exogenous growth model, it is explained in Solow's (1956) growth theory that innovation affects economic growth. Because in this theory, it is stated that innovation can be taken as an external variable and technical development and economic growth can be achieved in a stable way thanks to innovation. In this context, Solow (1956) considered the technological dimension as an external factor and thought that the part of labor and capital variables that cannot meet or explain economic growth is achieved by technological development. Romer (1986), which has an important role in the development of endogenous growth models, states that the drivers of economic growth are innovation activities, especially those related to R&D studies. Romer (1986) emphasized the necessity and importance of technological innovation activities especially for long-term growth. In addition, Aghion and Howitt (1992) stated that in terms of endogenous growth theories, the R&D dimension in the relationship between innovation and economic growth is the main function of economic growth within the scope of innovation activities. Especially Aghion and Howitt (1992) states that vertical innovations developed in a competitive environment provide economic growth. Because with the vertical innovations realized, patents and a new product formation emerge in the competitive environment. With the innovations obtained in question, subsequent innovation activities will be encouraged more meaningfully. This will increase the momentum for innovation and consequently the sustainability of economic growth and development will be achieved. Accordingly, countries should take into account their innovation activities in order to have economically sound structures. Because innovation functions for countries to increase their ability to endure the competitive environment and to gain competitive advantage. In this context, countries will be able to achieve economic growth by achieving competitive advantage, and consequently, countries will be able to increase their employment, society's quality of life, living standards and human development levels. The main reason for this is that innovation has a structure that ensures efficiency. Therefore, innovation provides economic growth and indirectly the formation of other economic structures and social developments. 1.2. RESEARCH PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE The purpose of the study is to determine the impact value of the innovation dimension on economic growth, the most sensitive indicator (variable) in the impact of the innovation dimension on economic growth, and the significance values of the indicators (contribution values to the effective structure) within the scope of the literature-supported innovation dimension affecting the economic growth model. When the national and international literature is evaluated, there is no study that explains the relationship between the global innovation index indicators and economic growth indicators within the scope of G20 countries with structural equation modeling in the 2008-2019 time period. Therefore, this research is the first study found in the literature that complies with the specified features. 1.3. CONTRIBUTION of the ARTICLE to the LITERATURE This study has contributed to the literature within the scope of empirical findings showing that innovation, which has a theoretical background, provides economic growth like other studies identified. In addition, by determining the contribution values of the indicators or variables in the effective structure between the economic growth dimension of the innovation, it will be possible to determine which innovation or economic growth indicators should be given importance or which innovation or economic growth indicators to increase their performance in order to make the impact of innovation on economic growth more meaningful. Apart from these, the findings determined as a result of the research are a data set for researchers. DESIGN AND METHOD 2.1. RESEARCH TYPE In this study, the effect of the innovation dimension on economic growth within the scope of the values belonging to the components or variables representing the global innovation index of the G20 countries and economic growth for the year 2020 was examined by structural equation modeling. 2.2. RESEARCH PROBLEMS The problem of the study is the structure of innovation affecting economic growth, the level of contribution to the relationship structure of indicators between innovation and economic growth, and the sensitivity values of indicators in the relationship structure in question. 2.3. DATA COLLECTION METHOD The data set of the research was created from the global innovation indices of the G20 group countries in the relevant reports between the years 2008-2019 and the values of the indicators that determine the economic growth. Country data for the economic growth factor was obtained from the website www.data.imf.org. 2.4. QUANTITATIVE / QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Findings determined within the scope of the aims of the research were determined by the method of structural equation model. 2.5. RESEARCH MODEL The model of the research was created within the scope of the effect of the innovation dimension on the economic growth dimension, based on the values of the global innovation index and economic growth indicators of the G20 group countries between the years 2008-2019. In this framework, the indicators used in the research are shown in Table 1 and the model of the research is shown in Figure 1. Table 1. Indicators Used in the Study Global Innovation Index (GII) Economic Growht (EG) Indicators Abbreviations Indicators Abbreviations Institutions INS Nominal Gross Domestic Product NGDP Human Capital and Resarch HCR Infrastructure INF Market Sophistication MS Real Gross Domestic Product RGDP Business Sophistication BS Knowledge and Technology Output KTO Creative Output CO FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. FINDINGS as a RESULT of ANALYSIS Firstly, confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test the conformity of the model to the structure. It was evaluated that the confirmatory factor analysis most suitable for the said structure was primary level confirmatory factor analysis. According to the findings, it was observed that the innovation dimension (global innovation index) had a high impact on economic growth and the model created was confirmed. In the study, it was concluded that the most sensitive indicator for the effect of innovation dimension on economic growth for G20 countries is BS (Business Sophistication). Because, as the innovation dimension affects economic growth, it has been determined that the unit change in the innovation dimension changes the innovation indicator BS more than the other innovation indicators. This is due to the fact that qualified employees and knowledge concentration have a structure that will ensure economic growth. Accordingly, G20 countries primarily focused more on business development, which is one of the fundamentals of economic development in achieving economic growth. According to G20 countries, it has been determined that the most important innovation indicators in the impact of the innovation dimension on economic growth are INS and HCR. Because, compared to the G20 countries, INS and HCR innovation indicators have created more qualified change in economic growth, and they have contributed more than other innovation indicators in affecting and ensuring the economic growth of these indicators. In this sense, the innovation indicators INS (institutions: political environment, regulatory environment and business environment) and HCR (Human Capital and Research: Education, higher education, research and development) in G20 countries to achieve economic growth, by providing more qualified changes in economic growth than other innovation indicators. They have ensured that the current order and stability in economic growth turn into a different order and stability. Therefore, G20 countries have attached more importance to the innovation indicators INS and HCR compared to other innovation indicators in changing the core of economic growth. This may be due to the fact that these indicators have more basic and priority structures compared to other innovation indicators. . 3.2. DISCUSSING the FINDINGS with the LITERATURE The research showed consistency with the results of other researchers, except for Shukla (2017), which is mentioned in the literature, within the framework of its significant and positive effects on innovation and economic growth. In this context, this study has contributed to the literature within the scope of empirical findings that innovation provides economic growth, like other studies identified. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATIONS 4.1. RESULTS of the ARTICLE According to the results of the research, it has been determined that the innovation dimension has a significant, positive and high effect on the economic growth dimension. In the research, it was also found that the most sensitive indicator of the effect of innovation dimension on economic growth dimension is BS (Business Sophistication). It has been determined that the indicators that contribute the most to the relational structure between innovation and economic growth dimensions are INS (Institutions) and HCR (Human Capital and Research). 4.2. SUGGESTIONS BASED on RESULTS G20 countries can further ensure the stability and order of economic growth and economic growth by increasing the relationships and complementarity activities between innovation indicators. Accordingly, G20 countries can raise the high impact of innovation on economic growth to higher levels by primarily increasing the Information and Technology Output (KTO), Creative Output (CO) and Market Sophistication (MS) and other innovation indicators. In this way, G20 countries will be able to work more intensely on innovation, specialize in innovation and ensure that innovation systems, strategies, methods and practices are healthier. In this way, G20 countries will be able to work more intensively on innovation, specialize in innovation and ensure that innovation systems, strategies, methods and practices are healthier. In this sense, the innovation dimension is not only economic growth, but also different (economic development, competitive advantage, economic development) and indirectly affected areas (science, technology, art, sports, medicine, quality of life, welfare level, living standard) will be able to contribute to their development in a healthy way. Except for the countries in the G20 group, other countries should first take actions to positively increase the relational structure between innovation indicators in order to achieve their overall economic growth. Later, countries, just like the G20 countries, can create activities that will improve the performance of other innovation indicators of INS and HCR innovation dimensions, which have a basic and prioritized structure for the innovation dimension to affect economic growth, and that will concern economic growth. It may be suggested for researchers to compare the effects of the innovation dimension on the economic dimension by using other indices or metrics that measure the innovation performance of countries. Thus, the nature of innovation indicators for economic growth can be discussed within the framework of causality analysis. In addition, in measuring the innovation performance of countries, the number of indicators can be increased or indicators specific to each country can be created. In this way, more realistic results can be achieved in determining the impact of innovation on economic growth by evaluating the innovation capabilities, capacities and potentials of countries in a multidimensional way. 4.3. LIMITATIONS of the ARTICLE The data set of the research was created from the global innovation indices of the G20 group countries in the relevant reports between the years 2008-2019 and the values of the indicators that determine the economic growth. The first report of the global innovation index was published in 2007. However, the 2007 global innovation index report could not be included in the scope of the study, since only the innovation indicators of certain countries were included in the 2007 report. Currently, there is the latest global innovation index report for 2019.